Exercise as an Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes: Contemporary Evidence on the Metabolic and Glycaemic Benefits of Physical Activity

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) continues to be one of the leading non-communicable diseases worldwide, contributing to considerable morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs [1]. Despite major advances in pharmacological therapy, lifestyle modification remains the most effective strategy for prevention and management. Among non-drug approaches, physical activity stands out as a core therapeutic element, with broad effects on glucose control, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular health [2].
Recent meta-analyses and large-scale trials have confirmed that structured exercise programs can lower HbA1c by approximately 0.5–0.7%, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce systemic inflammation compared to standard care [3,4]. These benefits translate into a lower risk of complications and death.
This review synthesises contemporary findings on the metabolic and glycaemic benefits of physical activity in T2D, exploring the epidemiological evidence, underlying mechanisms, and practical strategies for clinical implementation [5–7].