The Effect of Caffeine Intake on Cycling Time Trial Performance – Current State of Knowledge

Abstract

Introduction: Caffeine is widely recognized as an ergogenic aid, extensively studied for its ability to improve physical performance. Its effect on endurance sports performance, such as cycling, is particularly significant. Despite numerous studies, there is a need for a systematic evaluation of its effects in specific cycling disciplines like time trials (TT)[1]

Purpose: This abstract aims to synthesize the key findings from the provided sources to assess the effectiveness of caffeine ingestion in improving performance in cycling time trials, examine associated physiological changes, and identify factors influencing this response, such as dose, form of consumption, or individual characteristics.

Results: Analysis of the provided publications indicates that caffeine ingestion significantly improves performance in cycling time trials over various distances (e.g., 5 km, 10 km, 20 km).(Bortolotti et al., 2014; Clarke et al., 2019; Graham-Paulson et al., 2016a)  Caffeine leads to a reduction in the time required to complete the time trial distance compared to placebo. In addition to performance improvement, caffeine affects a range of physiological responses during submaximal exercise, including a reduction in mean heart rate and perceived exertion (RPE), as well as an increase in blood lactate concentration, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and minute ventilation.[5] Research suggests that caffeine can increase performance without significantly altering muscle fatigue.[6] Ergogenic effects have been observed after consuming various doses of caffeine, including low and moderate doses taken late during exercise, which also improved performance in trained cyclists. Caffeine consumed in the form of coffee also proved effective in improving time trial performance. Performance improvement has been noted in both trained men and healthy young women, regardless of the menstrual cycle phase, as well as in recreational cyclists. [2], [6], [7]Studies suggest that the ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes do not explain the variability in the ergogenic response to caffeine or influence its physiological effects. Furthermore, habitual caffeine consumption does not appear to weaken the ergogenic effect of coffee during a time trial. [5]The impact of caffeine on performance in high temperature and humidity conditions and the effects of coingestion of caffeine with taurine have also been analyzed. [8], [9]Some studies indicate a potential cardioprotective effect of caffeine during intense physical exercise. [10]The effect of caffeine withdrawal on high-intensity cycling performance has also been investigated. [11]The effects of caffeine in cycling and handcycling have also been compared, observing improvement in cycling but not necessarily in handcycling.[3]

Conclusions: Based on the review of the provided publications, caffeine is a confirmed ergogenic aid for cyclists, effectively improving time trial performance regardless of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotype or habitual consumption. It affects key physiological parameters related to exercise and may offer additional benefits, such as potential cardioprotection. These effects were observed at various doses and forms of caffeine consumption, including coffee, in both sexes and at different training levels.