The African Journal of Biomedical Research (AJBR) is a leading peer‑reviewed, open‑access journal dedicated to publishing high‑quality research in biomedical sciences, allied health sciences, and interdisciplinary medical fields. Founded in 1998 as a collaborative initiative between Laytal Communications and academic professionals in Nigeria, AJBR was established to provide a credible platform for African researchers and to promote the global dissemination of scientific knowledge. Currently managed by Biomedical Journal Consult, Ibadan, the journal has grown into a trusted outlet for innovative and impactful biomedical research. In 2023, AJBR entered into a strategic partnership with A.R.C. Publication Services L.L.C., a globally recognized publishing organization, to strengthen its international visibility, editorial quality, and digital infrastructure. This transition, expected to be fully realized in 2024, marks a significant step towards expanding the journal’s reach and influence. Scope of the Journal AJBR publishes a wide range of scholarly contributions, including: Original research articles Comprehensive reviews and mini‑reviews Short communications and rapid reports Updates on conferences, workshops, and scientific meetings Key subject areas include: Public health Pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmaceutics Clinical medicine and internal medicine Physiology and biochemistry Cell biology, biotechnology, and applied microbiology Related disciplines within the physical and medical sciences Our Commitment AJBR is guided by principles of academic integrity, ethical publishing, and rigorous peer review. The journal actively supports early‑career researchers, encourages submissions from across Africa and the global scientific community, and works to bridge research gaps in developing countries. With over 25 years of publishing excellence, the African Journal of Biomedical Research remains committed to advancing biomedical knowledge, fostering international collaboration, and promoting open access to high‑impact scientific content.
A.R.C Publishing of Books and Other Publication Services L.L.C.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Quinazoline Derivatives as Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Arthritic Agents
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a formidable challenge in modern medicine, affecting over 1% of the global population and imposing substantial socioeconomic burdens through chronic inflammation, joint destruction, and reduced quality of life. Current therapeutic modalities, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologics, often fall short due to suboptimal efficacy, side effects, and incomplete disease modification. This investigation delineates the design, multi-step synthesis, comprehensive physicochemical characterization, and multifaceted biological profiling of a novel library of quinazoline-derived Schiff bases (3a-e), thiazolidin-4-ones (4a-e), and azetidin-2-ones (5a-e) as prospective multi-targeted agents for RA management. Commencing from quinazolin-4(3H)-one, the synthetic protocol afforded target molecules in moderate to good yields (50-80%), with structural integrity corroborated via infrared (IR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In vitro antioxidant assays employing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals unveiled scavenging potencies ranging from 51% to 67% at 40 μg/mL, surpassing expectations for electron-rich heterocycles and positioning compounds 4e and 5e as frontrunners relative to ascorbic acid (91%). Calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) binding studies, monitored through UV-Vis spectrophotometry, evidenced robust intercalative interactions, with azetidinone 5d exhibiting maximal hypochromicity (82.93%) and binding constant (K_b = 80 M⁻¹), intimating ancillary anticancer prospects. Anti-inflammatory prowess was substantiated in vitro via bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation inhibition (up to 70.9% for 5b at 500 μg/mL, nearing indomethacin's 88.26%) and in vivo through carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats (84.15% inhibition for 4b and 5b at 3 h post-induction, eclipsing diclofenac's 83.22%). The complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis paradigm in rats further validated therapeutic utility: lead compounds 4b and 5b curtailed joint diameter to 0.38 mm and 1.00 mm by day 21 (versus 0.24 mm for indomethacin), ameliorated anemia (hemoglobin restoration to 11.20 g/dL and 10.80 g/dL, respectively), normalized leukocytosis (WBC to 9.96 × 10³/mm³), curtailed erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR to 13.6 mm/h), and quelled thrombocytosis (platelets to 3.60 × 10⁵/mm³). Serum pro-inflammatory cytokines—interleukin-6 (IL-6 to 105.20 pg/mL for 5b), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α to 21.81 pg/mL), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2 to 28.38 ng/mL)—were profoundly attenuated, mirroring indomethacin's benchmark. Acute oral toxicity per OECD 423 guidelines affirmed innocuousness up to 2000 mg/kg, underscoring a benign safety margin (LD₅₀ > 2000 mg/kg). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) insights spotlighted ortho/parahydroxy and chloro substitutions as pivotal for augmented bioactivity, likely via enhanced NF-κB pathway modulation and COX-2 sequestration. Collectively, these quinazoline hybrids herald a paradigm shift toward safer, efficacious RA therapeutics, beckoning advanced preclinical optimization encompassing pharmacokinetics, molecular docking, and chronic toxicity profiling.
Quinazoline derivatives, Rheumatoid arthritis, Anti-inflammatory agents, Anti-arthritic activity, NF-κB inhibition, Thiazolidin-4-one, Azetidin-2-one, Cytokine suppression, DNA intercalation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Akash Johri, Dr. Vikas Verma, Dr. Jaya Sharma, Dr. Pankaj Sharma, Dr. Amarjeet Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH OF PANCHKARMA IN CHROMHIDROSIS MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY
Chromhidrosis is a rare disorder of sweat gland which is characterized by colored perspiration, most commonly involving apocrine glands. Conventional management provide limited symptomatic relief rather than permanent cure. Ayurveda describes manifestations of chromhidrosis under disorders of Swedavaha Srotas, Pitta, and Rakta Dushti1. Panchakarma, the bio-purificatory therapy of Ayurveda, aims at eliminating vitiated doshas from their root2. This case study evaluates the effect of Panchakarma4as an integrative approach in the management of Chromhidrosis. This study details the results of an ayurvedic intervention for a patient with chromhidrosis who was experiencing excruciating itching.The Patient actively sought ayurvedic treatment when his quality of life was negatively impacted. Significant improvement was observed in sweat discoloration, odor, frequency, and quality of life, suggesting Panchakarma as a promising complementary therapy.
Chromhidrosis, Panchakarma, Vamana, Virechana, Raktadushti, Swedavaha Srotas, Integrative Ayurveda5
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Mukesh Kumar Yadav, Dr. Vinay Bhardwaj, Dr. Narendra Kumar Sahu, Dr. Vishal Naag (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“Mechanism-Based Therapeutics In Migraine: Current Evidence And Future Directions”
Background: Migraine is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders worldwide and a leading cause of disability, particularly among women of reproductive age. Despite major therapeutic advances over the past decade, including CGRP-targeted therapies and novel neuromodulation devices, a substantial proportion of patients remain undertreated or experience incomplete response. The rapid expansion of mechanism-based treatment options has created both unprecedented opportunities and significant challenges for clinical practice. This review aims to synthesize contemporary evidence on emerging pharmacological agents, non-invasive neuromodulation technologies, and developing molecular targets beyond the CGRP pathway, with a focus on their clinical utility, limitations, and implications for precision-medicine approaches in migraine care. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published up to 2025. Keywords included “migraine,” “CGRP inhibitors,” “gepants,” “ditans,” “neuromodulation,” “PACAP,” “orexin,” “glutamate,” and “precision medicine.” Randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, real-world observational studies, device evaluations, and mechanistic papers on emerging targets were included. Additional guideline documents and health-policy analyses were reviewed to contextualize clinical adoption and access barriers. Results: CGRP receptor antagonists and monoclonal antibodies demonstrate consistent efficacy and favorable tolerability, yet approximately one-third of patients show minimal or no response. Ditans offer a non-vasoconstrictive acute option but are limited by central nervous system adverse effects. Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques—including eTNS, nVNS, sTMS, and remote electrical neuromodulation—provide modest but clinically meaningful benefits without systemic drug exposure. Behavioral therapies, such as CBT and biofeedback, reduce headache frequency by 30–50% and enhance broader functional outcomes. Emerging molecular targets, including the PACAP–PAC1 pathway, glutamatergic signaling, orexin receptors, and neuroimmune mechanisms, represent promising avenues for patients with low CGRP responsiveness. Digital health tools and AI-driven models show early potential in attack prediction and therapy tailoring. Across modalities, key limitations include variability in response, cost, access disparities, and limited data in special populations. Conclusion: Modern migraine therapeutics are transitioning toward multimodal and precision-oriented care. While CGRP-targeted treatments remain foundational, integrating pharmacological, neuromodulatory, behavioral, and digital approaches is increasingly necessary to address residual disease burden and biological heterogeneity. Future clinical implementation will require biomarker validation, improved predictive tools, and policy efforts aimed at equitable access to high-value therapies.
migraine, CGRP inhibitors, gepants, monoclonal antibodies, neuromodulation, PACAP, glutamate, precision medicine, digital therapeutics
Copyright (c) 2025 Zofia Alicja Pojmańska, Michalina Maria Wielgus, Michał Piotr Wojszcz-Hadas, Alicja Marciniuk, Iga Milena Zawiślak, Mikołaj Karol Olczak, Ignacy Gajda, Maciej Salamon, Urban Stanisław Matyjasik, Julia Smolarek, Antoni Jakub Plasota, Damian Konrad Strzelczyk, Katarzyna Turniak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“Berberine – Contemporary Clinical Applications And Mechanisms Of Action: A Literature Review”
Natural compounds have been utilized for centuries due to their availability, and those present in plants find application in so-called Traditional Medicine. Among plant secondary metabolites with biological properties, the isoquinoline quaternary alkaloid—berberine (BBR)—possesses a broad range of therapeutic uses for the treatment of numerous diseases [1] This compound is isolated from many medicinal plant species, such as Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis aristata, Coptis chinensis, Coptis japonica, Phellondendron amurense, and Phellondendron chinense Schneid[2], [3] . Historically, herbs containing berberine, such as Coptis chinensis, have been widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for approximately 2200 years[2] The earliest recorded medical use of Rhizoma coptidis containing berberine dates back to A.D. 200 [4]Shennong’s Herbal Classic notes that this plant is primarily used to prevent or attenuate digestive system disease symptoms, such as abdominal distention, vomiting, diarrhea, and jaundice[2]. In China, berberine remains a common over-the-counter drug used to treat gastrointestinal tract infections [3]Beyond its antimicrobial effects, modern research has highlighted its potential in treating metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and cardiovascular diseases [5]
Copyright (c) 2025 Maciej Salamon, Antoni Jakub Plasota, Mikołaj Karol Olczak, Michał Piotr Wojszcz-Hadas, Alicja Marciniuk, Iga Milena Zawiślak, Michalina Maria Wielgus, Michał Szczupak , Ignacy Gajda, Katarzyna Turniak, Urban Stanisław Matyjasik, Julia Smolarek, Zofia Alicja Pojmańska, Damian Konrad Strzelczyk (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Surgical Management Of Enterocutaneous Fistula In Postoperative Patients
Enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) is a serious postoperative complication associated with high morbidity and mortality. Management strategies during 2012–2013 emphasized sepsis control, nutritional optimization, and delayed surgical intervention. Methods: This study included 25 patients with postoperative ECF treated surgically between January 2012 and December 2013 at a tertiary care center. Preoperative optimization involved sepsis control, total parenteral nutrition, and albumin correction. Surgical techniques comprised resection with primary anastomosis or diversion procedures. Outcomes assessed were fistula closure, recurrence, complications, and mortality. Results: The mean patient age was 42 years; 60% were male. Small bowel fistulas predominated (64%), with high‑output fistulas in 60% of cases. Definitive surgery was performed after a median of 10 weeks. Resection with primary anastomosis was undertaken in 72% of patients, while diversion procedures were performed in 28%. Fistula closure was achieved in 80% of cases. Recurrence occurred in 12%, and mortality was 8%. Complications included surgical site infection (24%), anastomotic leak (8%), and intra‑abdominal abscess (12%). Median hospital stay was 28 days. Conclusion: Surgical management of postoperative ECF in 2012–2013 yielded favorable closure rates when surgery was delayed until sepsis was controlled and nutritional status optimized. Despite persistent morbidity, adherence to established principles of management resulted in acceptable recurrence and mortality rates. Multidisciplinary care and individualized operative strategies remain essential for improving outcomes.
Enterocutaneous fistula, postoperative complication, surgical management, nutritional optimization, sepsis control.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Sandip Kumar, Dr. Rashmi Prasad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis Of Medical Device Product Recalls: Insights From The MAUDE Database
Background: Medical device recalls are crucial for patient safety, and analysing patterns and causes is key to improving device safety and regulations. The MAUDE database, maintained by the FDA, holds detailed reports of adverse events, including recalls. This study analyses recall trends and FDA-determined causes, focusing on device classes, review panels, and recommendations to enhance safety and oversight. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical device recall data from the MAUDE database, covering January 1, 2020, to July 31, 2024. The data was analysed to categorize recalls by device type, cause, reason, and outcomes, offering insights into recall effectiveness and recommendations for improving device safety. Results: A total of 2500, recalls were analysed from the MAUDE database. Among these the majority of recalls, 1,622, were classified in this analysis as Open 3 and 69 had complete recall status. Conclusions: Our analysis of medical device recalls from the MAUDE database highlights key trends, causes, and outcomes, providing valuable insights into the effectiveness of current recall practices. By identifying patterns across device types and recall reasons, we offer recommendations to enhance regulatory oversight and improve device safety, ultimately aiming to reduce patient risk and strengthen the recall process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Varnika Donepudi, Pramod Kumar A, Deeksha S, Hemappriya M, Nandana A, Jeesa George (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Case Study on Homoeopathic Management of Psoriasis
A 40 years old male with a three-year history of widespread itching and scaling presented to the Out Patient Department (OPD) after conventional treatments had been unsuccessful. Following an initial case taking, the patient received a single dose of the homoeopathic remedy Psorinum 200 and a placebo for the recurring three months. He reported remarkable symptomatic relief during follow up visits.
Psoriasis, Homoeopathy, PASI Scale. Psorinum
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Poorva Gupta, Dr. Shalu Munjal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Engineering Nanocarriers for Lung Cancer: Integrating Design Principles, Lung-Specific Delivery, and Translational Science
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and current therapeutic regimens are limited by poor tumor selectivity, dose-limiting toxicities, and the rapid emergence of drug resistance. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery offers a powerful strategy to re-engineer where, when, and how therapeutics act within the lung and metastatic sites. This review synthesizes recent advances in nanocarriers for lung cancer therapy with an emphasis on three axes: design principles, delivery routes, and translational progress. We first outline key pathophysiological and anatomical barriers-ncluding tumor heterogeneity, dense and hypoxic tumor microenvironments, pulmonary mucus and surfactant layers, mucociliary clearance, and alveolar macrophage uptake-and derive design rules for nanocarrier size, shape, surface chemistry, and architecture. Particular attention is given to stimuli-responsive and logic-gated systems, biomimetic and cell membrane–coated platforms, lipid–polymer hybrids, nanoporous and liquid-crystalline structures, and nano-in-micro aerosols for inhalation. We then compare systemic (intravenous), pulmonary (inhaled), and loco-regional delivery routes, highlighting how route selection couples to carrier design and governs lung deposition, tumor penetration, and off-target exposure. Finally, we survey the clinical landscape of nanoparticle formulations in lung cancer, discuss manufacturing, toxicology, and regulatory bottlenecks that limit translation of complex “smart” systems, and outline emerging opportunities including gene and immuno-nanotherapies, theranostics, and AI-assisted nanocarrier optimization. Together, these insights provide a framework for rationally designing next-generation nanocarriers that align nanomaterial properties, delivery route, and clinical constraints to improve outcomes for patients with lung cancer.
Lung cancer; nanocarriers; pulmonary drug delivery; stimuli-responsive nanoparticles; clinical translation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dinesh Sharma, Jyotiram Sawale, Neelam Dhankhar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bisexual Variations In Molar Tooth Development: A Forensic Odontology Study From Delhi-Ncr
Background: Sex determination is a critical component of forensic identification, particularly in cases involving decomposed remains, skeletal fragments, or mass disasters. Dental structures are frequently preserved in such situations and have been extensively studied for forensic purposes. While dental age estimation methods are well established, evidence regarding sexual dimorphism in dental development—especially of second and third molars—remains inconsistent and population dependent. Aim: To assess bisexual variation in the developmental stages of second and third molars using modified Demirjian staging in a Delhi-NCR population and evaluate its forensic applicability for sex differentiation. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional radiographic study was conducted on 120 subjects (60 males and 60 females) aged 5–25 years from the Delhi-NCR region. Digital orthopantomograms were evaluated for maxillary and mandibular second molars (FDI 17, 37) using modified Demirjian staging and for maxillary and mandibular third molars (FDI 18, 38) using the modified Demirjian criteria adapted by Darji et al., including Stage O. Subjects were evenly distributed across 20 one-year age groups to ensure uniform sex representation. Developmental stages were assessed independently by two observers, with repeat evaluation to assess intra-observer reliability. Sex-wise comparisons of stage distribution, mean chronological age at each stage, and estimated dental age were performed. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and independent sample tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between males and females in stage distribution, mean chronological age at corresponding Demirjian stages, or estimated dental age for any molar tooth. Females demonstrated a marginal tendency toward earlier maturation in second molars; however, these differences were not significant. Third molar development showed substantial overlap between sexes. Overall, developmental patterns of second and third molars were comparable in males and females. Conclusion: Modified Demirjian staging of second and third molars does not demonstrate significant bisexual variation in the Delhi-NCR population. While effective for age estimation, dental developmental staging alone has limited value for sex determination and should be used alongside other forensic indicators.
Forensic odontology; Sexual dimorphism; Demirjian method; Molar tooth development; Dental age estimation; Orthopantomogram; Forensic identification
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr Vikas Arora, Dr Rituparna Jana, Dr Abhishek Varshney, Dr Sarita Sharma, Dr Sachin Dagar, Dr Jatin Prajapati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development And Distribution Of Urban Services : A Geographical Study Of Ayodhya City, Uttar Pradesh
Urban services constitute the foundation of functional, inclusive, and sustainable cities, directly influencing the quality of life, social well-being, and economic efficiency of urban populations. Rapid urbanization, population growth, religious tourism, and administrative expansion have significantly transformed Ayodhya’s urban landscape, leading to uneven development of civic amenities across different wards. The study reveals that urban services in Ayodhya are not uniformly distributed but are highly concentrated in selected wards that enjoy historical prominence, administrative importance, better connectivity, and planned urban development. Wards such as Atal Nagar, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jai Prakash Narayan, and Jharkhand exhibit a higher level of service availability, reflecting stronger infrastructural investment and institutional concentration. In contrast, several peripheral and less-developed wards remain deficient in basic services like water supply, transport, health, and security, indicating spatial inequality and uneven municipal attention. The dominance of educational and health services in the overall service structure reflects the city’s evolving socio-cultural role, while the uneven distribution of commercial and security services points toward economic and administrative imbalances within the urban system. The findings emphasize that the existing pattern of urban service development in Ayodhya is shaped by a combination of historical evolution, population pressure, economic activity, tourism-oriented growth, and planning priorities. Such disparities pose challenges to equitable urban development and social inclusion. The study underlines the necessity of balanced urban planning, ward-level policy interventions, and targeted infrastructure development to bridge service gaps and promote inclusive growth.
Urbanisation, Tourism, Services, Growth, Infrastructure, Ayodhya.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abhimanyu Singh, Prof. (Dr.) Shivakant Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Hybrid Explainable AI Framework for Intrusion Detection in IoT Networks: Integrating Lightweight 1D-CNN, SHAP Interpretability, And Federated Learning
Abstract: In the research paper, the main focus is to develop a hybrid intrusion detection framework that is specially meant for IoT environments. The proposed model is a hybrid machine learning and artificial intelligence-based model that includes several techniques, such as federated learning, SHAP, and a lightweight one-dimensional convolutional neural network. The hybrid model will be able to detect any intrusion at an early stage based on the traffic pattern in the IoT network. The proposed model is highly cost-efficient, resource-efficient, and optimal in the form of results. The proposed model accuracy is around 99.3% which is comparatively higher compared to various existing techniques such as random forest, LSTM, and SVM. The proposed technique is also compared with various existing techniques on the basis of various other parameters, such as precision and recall ratio. In all the parameters, the proposed technique is better in all respects.
Intrusion Detection System (IDS), - Internet of Things (IoT), 1D Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN), SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), Federated Learning
Copyright (c) 2024 Kumari Deepika, Chandan Kumar, Manoj Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-Cultural Barriers Of Routine Immunisation Uptake: Perspectives Of Health Workers And Mothers In Clinics Within Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Routine immunisation is an essential public health intervention for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. However, uptake remains suboptimal in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Understanding the barriers from both mothers’ and health workers’ perspectives is essential for designing context-specific interventions. This study explored socio-cultural barriers to routine immunisation uptake in selected clinics within Ebonyi State. A parallel convergent mixed-method design was employed. The qualitative part involved 30 purposively selected participants (15 nursing mothers, 15 vaccinators) using interviews to explore perceived barriers. The quantitative part included 912 respondents selected, but 2 fell off the study. The respondents were selected via cluster random sampling, and a structured questionnaire was used to assess socio-cultural determinants. Data were analysed thematically for qualitative insights and descriptively for quantitative findings. Twelve key themes emerged as barriers, including ignorance and misinformation, belief in traditional and spiritual remedies, male dominance in decision-making, financial constraints, poor health worker attitudes, religious misconceptions, and competing cultural priorities, among others. Quantitative findings corroborated these observations, revealing that community norms, gender dynamics, and economic limitations significantly influenced mothers’ decisions to access immunisation services. In conclusion, routine immunisation uptake is hindered by multifaceted socio-cultural barriers. Addressing these barriers requires community-based education, engagement with traditional and religious leaders, gender-sensitive interventions, and improvements in healthcare service delivery.
Barriers, Health workers, Mothers, Routine immunisation, Socio-cultural
Copyright (c) 2025 Victoria C. Azuogu, Elizabeth U. Nwonwu, Benedicta C. Azuogu, Constance C. Oko, Emmanuela C. Anyanwu, Juliana O. Onyeabor, Maris U. Ugwueze, Cosmas K. Onah, Olaedo Nnachi, Onyinyechukwu U. Oka, Nkechinyere V. Nwachukwu, Francisca D. Azuogu, Marycynthia N. Otta, Faustina O. Azuogu, Chinemerem Eleke, Benedict N. Azuogu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence And Distribution Of Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors Among College Men In Kozhikode District, Kerala
Background: Obesity among young adults has emerged as a major public health concern, particularly in developing countries undergoing rapid lifestyle transitions. College-going men represent a vulnerable population due to unhealthy dietary habits, physical inactivity, and increased sedentary behaviour. Baseline profiling of obesity-related risk factors is essential for early identification of health risks and for planning effective preventive interventions. Objective: The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of selected obesity-related risk factors among obese college men in Kozhikode district, Kerala, using baseline (pre-test) data collected prior to intervention. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 90 obese college men aged 18–25 years, selected from various colleges in Kozhikode district. Participants were allocated into Yoga, Kalaripayattu, and Control groups (n = 30 each) for a subsequent intervention study; however, only baseline data were analysed for the present paper. Anthropometric measurements included body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and fat circumference. Physiological assessment included systolic blood pressure, while fasting blood glucose and dietary habit scores were also recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize baseline characteristics, and one-way analysis of variance was employed to examine baseline equivalence among groups. Results: All participants exhibited elevated anthropometric and metabolic risk indicators at baseline. Mean body mass index values confirmed obesity across all groups. Waist and hip circumferences indicated the presence of central obesity, while systolic blood pressure values were within the pre-hypertensive range. Fasting blood glucose levels were marginally elevated, suggesting early metabolic risk. No statistically significant differences were observed among the Yoga, Kalaripayattu, and Control groups for any measured variable (p > 0.05), confirming baseline equivalence. Conclusion: Obese college men in Kozhikode district demonstrate a high burden of obesity-related risk factors at a young age. The findings underscore the need for early, structured, and culturally appropriate lifestyle interventions to prevent the progression of cardiometabolic diseases.
Yogic practice, Central Obesity, College Men
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Sunil Alphonse, Dr. R. Rajkumar, Prof. Dr. Prasannakumaran K, Dr. J Komala, Dr. Jayan T D, Roshkumar B S, Saheedha A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genotoxic Evaluation Of Cypermethrin In Heteropneustes Fossilis Using The Micronucleus Assay
The micronucleus (MN) assay is widely used to evaluate genotoxicity in aquatic organisms due to its sensitivity to chromosomal damage. The present study investigates the genotoxic effects of cypermethrin, a commonly used pyrethroid insecticide, on Heteropneustes fossilis. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of cypermethrin for 24–96 hours, and MN frequencies were quantified in erythrocytes. MN frequencies increased significantly (p < 0.05) with exposure duration compared to controls, indicating the cumulative genotoxic potential of cypermethrin. These findings align with previous research on pesticide-induced cytogenotoxicity in fish and support the MN assay as an effective biomonitoring tool for aquatic pollution.
Micronucleus assay, Heteropneustes fossilis, biomonitoring, genotoxicity, Cypermethrin
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Chandralekha Deka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological Impact on Physiotherapy Practitioners During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A cross-sectional study
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented challenges for healthcare professionals. Physiotherapists, owing to close patient contact and essential rehabilitation roles, were exposed to substantial psychological stress during the pandemic. Aim: To assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical physiotherapy practitioners. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 364 clinical physiotherapists aged above 20 years between August 2021 and April 2022. A structured, self-administered questionnaire assessing anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms was circulated via Google Forms. Descriptive statistics were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26. Results: The majority of respondents reported psychological distress. Anxiety while treating patients was reported by 72.3%, work-related stress by 62.5%, depressive symptoms related to loss of control by 64.4%, and financial stress by 74.2%. Sleep disturbances (66%) and fear of infecting family members (62.2%) were also prevalent. Conclusion: Clinical physiotherapists experienced significant psychological impact during the COVID-19 pandemic. Implementation of psychological support systems and stress-management strategies is essential to protect mental wellbeing during future public health emergencies.
COVID-19, Physiotherapists, Psychological impact, Anxiety, Stress, Depression
Copyright (c) 2024 Garima Sharma, Nancy Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Doing Aerobic Workouts And Elastic Strength Training Is A Great Way For College Novice Athletes To Enhance Their Cardiorespiratory Stamina
The aim of this study a look at was to find out the effect of cardio workout routines and elastic strength training on cardiorespiratory stamina amongst university novice athletes. Thirty university male students (n = 30) were taken as a subject and the age of the subject have been ranged between 17 to 22 years. Randomly decided on subjects were again divided into 3 same categories of ten every (n = 10). The agencies groups had been named as an aerobic exercise group (AWG), elastic strength training group (ESG) and the control group (CG). Two of the training groups had been involved in the training programme for twelve weeks period. The systematic training programme turned into planned 3 sessions only in every week. The control group didn’t do any training protocol for the training duration. Cardiovaskular stamina was taken as a test variable and the test have been used for the study changed into 1500 run check and the time turned into measured in seconds. The time taken to run the distance became considered as data. The stopwatch turned into used as an device for the study. The pre and the post test timing were analyzed by using using the statistical device of evaluation of covariance (ANCOVA) and Scheffe’s test changed into carried out as a post hoc check to determine the paired imply difference if any. The extent of confidence level become fixed at 0.05 in all cases. The end result of the have a look at describes that the each training group have had tremendous difference (p ≤ .05) compared with the control group in cardiovascular stamina. It was also concluded that there was a nsignificance (p ≤ .05) distinction between the each aerobic exercise group and the elastic strength training group. Hoever the aerobic training group had better results than the elastic strengh training group for cardiovascular stamina.
Aerobic workout, elstic strength training, plyometric training, cardiorespiratory stamina.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yogesh Kumar, Suma Joseph, Thushara Philip, Kishore Mukhopadhyay, K. Ketheeswaran, Dhirendra Kumar Singh, Hrishikesh Gopal, Jian Abdullah Noori, George Abraham (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Prospective Comparison of Ultrasound Imaging and the Alvarado Score for the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis
Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies worldwide, yet its diagnosis remains challenging due to overlapping clinical presentations. Clinical scoring systems such as the Alvarado score and imaging modalities like ultrasonography are widely used to improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce negative appendectomy rates. Objective: To prospectively compare the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography and the Alvarado score in patients with suspected acute appendicitis using histopathology as the reference standard. Methods: This prospective observational study included 60 consecutive patients presenting with right lower quadrant abdominal pain and clinically suspected acute appendicitis. All patients were evaluated using the Alvarado scoring system and graded compression ultrasonography. Diagnostic performance parameters including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy were calculated. Histopathological examination of the resected appendix served as the gold standard. Results: Histopathology confirmed acute appendicitis in 45 (75%) patients. Ultrasonography demonstrated sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 80.0%, whereas the Alvarado score showed sensitivity of 91.1% and specificity of 60.0%. The combined diagnostic approach yielded the highest accuracy (90.0%) and reduced negative appendectomy rates. Conclusion: Ultrasonography provides better specificity than the Alvarado score, while the Alvarado score offers high sensitivity. A combined diagnostic approach enhances overall diagnostic accuracy and should be routinely employed in suspected acute appendicitis.
Acute appendicitis; Alvarado score; Ultrasonography; Diagnostic accuracy; Histopathology
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Piyush Jain, Dr Prashansa Bansal,, Dr Apurva, (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficacy of Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation in Postpartum Women: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Pelvic floor dysfunction is a common postpartum complication, manifesting as urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and reduced quality of life. Early pelvic floor rehabilitation may prevent long-term morbidity. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a structured pelvic floor rehabilitation program in improving pelvic floor muscle strength and reducing urinary incontinence among postpartum women. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre–post intervention study was conducted among 120 postpartum women attending postnatal clinics of a tertiary care hospital. Participants received a six-week pelvic floor rehabilitation program including Kegel exercises, breathing techniques, and posture correction. Pelvic floor muscle strength and urinary incontinence severity were assessed before and after the intervention using the Modified Oxford Scale and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire–Short Form (ICIQ-SF). Data were analyzed using paired t-test and chi-square test. Results: Mean pelvic floor muscle strength improved significantly from 2.1 ± 0.8 to 3.9 ± 0.7 (p < 0.001). The prevalence of urinary incontinence reduced from 48.3% to 19.2% after the intervention. Quality-of-life scores also showed statistically significant improvement. Conclusion: Structured pelvic floor rehabilitation is highly effective in improving pelvic floor muscle strength and reducing urinary incontinence among postpartum women. Incorporating pelvic floor rehabilitation into routine postnatal care is strongly recommended.
Pelvic floor rehabilitation, postpartum women, urinary incontinence, Kegel exercises, maternal health
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Akansha Massey, Mr Chatany Prakash Lodha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of a Teaching Plan on Knowledge Regarding Cesarean Section Patterns Using Robson’s Ten-Group Classification System Among Nurses Working in Tertiary Hospitals in Uttar Pradesh
Background: Cesarean section (CS) is a critical surgical intervention used to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality when medically indicated. However, recent trends indicate a steep and often unnecessary rise in CS rates globally, including in India. The Robson Ten-Group Classification System (TGCS), endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO), provides a standardized, reproducible, and clinically relevant method to analyze and compare CS rates within and between healthcare facilities. Despite its global relevance, the practical understanding and utilization of this system remain limited among nursing professionals, particularly in tertiary care settings. Nurses play a pivotal role in maternal care and decision-making during labor and delivery, making their awareness of CS classification systems essential for promoting evidence-based practice. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching plan in enhancing the knowledge of nurses regarding cesarean section patterns using the Robson Ten-Group Classification System in selected tertiary hospitals in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. Methods: A quasi-experimental one-group pre-test post-test research design was employed. Sixty registered nurses working in labor and maternity wards of tertiary care hospitals in Uttar Pradesh were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured, validated questionnaire comprising 20 multiple-choice questions covering key concepts of the Robson classification system, including group definitions, clinical application, and relevance to CS monitoring. A structured teaching intervention, including lectures, visual aids, and group discussions, was administered over a 60-minute session. Pre- and post-test knowledge scores were compared using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results: The baseline (pre-test) assessment revealed that most participants had only a basic understanding of CS patterns and were largely unfamiliar with Robson’s classification system (mean score = 9.5 ± 2.1 out of 20). Following the intervention, a significant improvement in knowledge was observed (mean post-test score = 16.4 ± 1.8). The paired t-test showed a highly significant difference between pre- and post-test scores (t = 14.78, p < 0.001). Specific areas showing marked improvement included identification of high-risk groups contributing to CS rates (Groups 1, 2, and 5), comprehension of TGCS criteria, and understanding its use in clinical audits. Conclusion: The structured teaching plan was highly effective in improving the knowledge of nurses regarding cesarean section trends and the application of Robson’s TGCS. These findings underscore the importance of integrating such educational initiatives into in-service training and continuing professional development programs for nurses. By equipping nursing personnel with standardized tools for CS assessment, the quality of maternal care and institutional monitoring of surgical births can be significantly enhanced. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term retention of knowledge and its impact on clinical practice.
Cesarean section, Robson classification, structured teaching programme, nursing education, maternal health
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr Akansha Massey, Dr C.P Lodha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Randomized Clinical Study Comparing The Efficacy Of Targeted Yoga Therapy And Moderate-Intensity Brisk Walking On Serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) And Symptomology In Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Background-Subclinical Hypothyroidism (SCH) is characterized by a mildly elevated serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) concentration, typically between 42 and 10 mU/L, in conjunction with normal serum free thyroxine (FT4) levels. This common endocrine disorder affects 4% to 20% of the adult population globally, with prevalence in urban India reported at 10.95%. SCH is implicated in increased risks for cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, depression, and subsequent progression to overt hypothyroidism (2–28% of cases).Given the controversy regarding conventional levothyroxine treatment which carries risks such as tachyarrhythmias and anxiety when over-dosed non-pharmacological complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) strategies, such as Yoga, warrant rigorous investigation.[i] Objective-The primary objective was to comparatively assess the efficacy of a 90-day regimen of specific Yoga Therapy (Group A) against a standardized Moderate-Intensity Brisk Walking regimen (Group B) on reducing serum TSH concentration and alleviating subjective symptomology in patients diagnosed with SCH. Methods-This interventional, randomized, open-label, parallel-assignment clinical study was conducted over three months (90 days). Twenty-eight patients diagnosed with SCH (TSH 42–9.9 mU/L, normal FT3/FT4) were registered and randomized into two groups (N=14 each). Group A received a daily 40-minute regimen of targeted Hatha Yoga practices, including Sarvangasana, Halasana, and Ujjayi Pranayama. Group B received 40 minutes of Brisk Walking (approximately 3 miles/hour). Twenty-one patients completed the full intervention period. Efficacy was assessed by comparing pre- and post-treatment values of serum TSH, FT3, and FT4 using Paired t-tests, and subjective symptoms using Wilcoxon matched–Pairs signed ranks test. Results-Intragroup analysis demonstrated that Group A (Yoga Therapy) achieved a statistically significant reduction in mean serum TSH level, decreasing from 7.27 mU/L to 5.20 mU/L (a 24.45% reduction, P<0.05). In contrast, Group B (Brisk Walking) showed an insignificant reduction (from 7.40 mU/L to 6.52 mU/L, a 6.65% reduction, P>0.05). Subjectively, Yoga therapy provided statistically significant relief across multiple Kaphaja and Vataja symptoms, including Weakness (68.75% relief) and Menorrhagia (80.95% relief), whereas Brisk Walking showed statistically insignificant changes across all subjective parameters. Conclusion-Targeted Yoga Therapy is statistically effective in reducing TSH levels and clinically superior to moderate-intensity Brisk Walking for the management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism. These findings validate the use of Yoga as a safe, non-pharmacological, evidence-based intervention that addresses the underlying metabolic (Agnimandya) and neuroendocrine disturbances associated with the condition.
Subclinical Hypothyroidism, TSH reduction, Yoga Therapy, Brisk Walking, HPT axis modulation, Agnimandya, Kapha-Vata imbalance, Sarvangasana, Pranayama, metabolic regulation, non-pharmacological intervention, Ayurvedic integrative approach, randomized clinical trial.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Suresh Kumar, Dr. Rakesh Chhimpa, Dr. Hemant Kumawat, Dr.Ravi Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation Between Heart Rate Variability And Emotional Regulation: A Cross-Sectional Study In Adolescent School-Going Athletes
Teenage athletes' psychological health and performance are greatly impacted by their ability to control their emotions. An objective physiological measure of the regulation of emotions and stress is heart rate variability (HRV), a non-invasive sign of autonomic nervous system activity. Optimizing mental resilience and athletic performance during adolescence may be possible with an understanding of the association between HRV and emotional regulation in school-going athletes. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between teenage school-age athletes' heart rate variability and emotional control. Using a stratified random sampling procedure, a total of n = 120 teenage athletes between the ages of 13 and 18 who were actively involved in school-level sports were selected. Validated heart rate monitors were used to record HRV parameters during rest, such as time-domain (SDNN, RMSSD) and frequency-domain indices (LF, HF, LF/HF ratio). Standardized self-report questionnaires like the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were used to measure emotional regulation. The association between HRV indices and emotional regulation scores was evaluated using either Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis. Adaptive emotional control techniques, such as cognitive reappraisal, showed significant positive relationships with parasympathetic HRV parameters (RMSSD and HF power) (p < 0.05). Higher LF/HF ratios, on the other hand, were substantially linked to increased emotional dysregulation and dependence on maladaptive techniques like emotional suppression (p < 0.05). These results suggest a significant relationship between autonomic nervous system balance and emotional regulation in teenage athletes. HRV is a possible biomarker for psychological resilience and emotional well-being in young athletes because higher HRV suggests stronger emotional regulation capacity. In educational settings, combining emotional control training with HRV monitoring may promote the holistic development of athletes.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV); Emotional Regulation; Adolescent Athletes; Autonomic Nervous System; Psychological Resilience; School Sports; Cross-Sectional Study
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Amit Kumar Jha, Mr. Akesh Yadav, Dr. Umesh Kumar Yadav, Mr. Dharmendra Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Breast Cancer Patients' Perceptions Of Breast Self-Examination (BSE) In Ende Regency, Indonesia 2025
Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, with 685,000 deaths worldwide in 2020. The aim is to identify the perception of breast cancer sufferers regarding the importance of self-examination, understand the factors that influence the acceptance and implementation of self-examination and develop recommendations based on research results to improve public education and awareness regarding early detection of breast cancer. Methods: This qualitative study, using a phenomenological approach, aims to explore in-depth perceptions of breast self-examination among breast cancer patients in Ende Regency, Indonesia. Data processing and presentation were conducted by collecting all the same data/information that could represent the desired information. After the various data were collected, qualitative analysis techniques were used to analyze the perceptions of breast self-examination among breast cancer patients. The processed data were then presented in a narrative format. Results: The results of the study showed that all respondents (100%) were aged > 30 years, had a university education, worked as civil servants, and were all married. Most respondents with husbands were self-employed (60%). Most respondents were aware of the importance of breast self-examination but were unwilling to do so because they felt that the abnormalities that appeared in their breasts were limited to acne. This self-examination can be performed independently without having to see a health professional and without having to pay. Basically, the more positive the perception of the benefits of the self-examination, the smaller the risks encountered during the treatment process and prevent the spread of cancer. This is in accordance with the results of the study, where all five informants expressed a perception that supported the importance of breast self-examination (SADARI) as an effort to detect breast cancer early. Conclusion: This self-exam can be performed without visiting a healthcare professional and without incurring any costs. A positive perception of the benefits of self-exams is crucial for preventing breast cancer.
Perception, breast cancer, breast self-examination (SADARI)
Copyright (c) 2025 Marieta K. S. Bai, Sisilia Leny Cahyani, Maria S. Sekunda, Khrispina Owa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review Article: The Impact Of Vitamin D₃ Supplementation On The Risk Of Respiratory Tract Infections In Working-Age Adults
Purpose of the Research: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major cause of morbidity among working-age adults, a population characterized by high occupational and community exposure to pathogens and widespread vitamin D insufficiency. Vitamin D₃ plays an essential role in immune modulation through effects on antimicrobial peptides, epithelial barrier integrity, and inflammatory regulation. This review aims to synthesize mechanistic, epidemiological, and clinical evidence assessing whether vitamin D₃ supplementation reduces the risk or severity of RTIs in adults aged 18–65 years. Methods: A narrative, evidence-based synthesis was conducted using full-text randomized controlled trials, observational studies, mechanistic papers, and systematic reviews provided by the author. Studies published between 2003 and 2022 were included if they evaluated vitamin D₃ supplementation or serum 25(OH)D levels in relation to respiratory outcomes in working-age adults. Due to heterogeneity in study designs, dosing regimens, and outcome definitions, evidence was synthesized qualitatively. Results: Mechanistic studies demonstrate that vitamin D enhances innate and adaptive immune responses by inducing antimicrobial peptides (LL-37, β-defensins), modulating cytokine production, supporting autophagy, and stabilizing epithelial defenses. Epidemiological evidence consistently links low 25(OH)D levels with increased susceptibility to RTIs, greater symptom severity, and higher respiratory mortality. Clinical data show that daily or weekly physiological supplementation (400–1000 IU/day) modestly reduces RTI incidence, particularly in individuals with severe deficiency (<25 nmol/L), whereas high-dose bolus regimens provide little benefit. Vitamin D₃ supplementation remains safe at recommended doses, with adverse effects being rare. Conclusions: Vitamin D₃ supplementation is a safe and biologically plausible preventive strategy for reducing RTI risk in working-age adults, especially those with low baseline vitamin D status. Regular, moderate dosing appears more effective than bolus administration. Although further targeted randomized trials are needed, maintaining adequate vitamin D levels may enhance respiratory immune resilience in this population.
vitamin D₃; cholecalciferol; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; vitamin D deficiency; respiratory tract infections; acute respiratory infections; upper respiratory infections; lower respiratory infections; pneumonia; influenza-like illness; viral respiratory infections
Copyright (c) 2025 Alicja Marciniuk, Urban Stanisław Matyjasik, Iga Milena Zawiślak, Julia Smolarek, Michalina Wielgus, Mikołaj Karol Olczak, Antoni Jakub Plasota, Michał Szczupak, Zofia Alicja Pojmańska, Michał Piotr Wojszcz-Hadas, Damian Konrad Strzelczyk, Ignacy Gajda, Maciej Salamon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Closed-Loop Systems In Type 1 Diabetes: Impact On Acute Complications – A Systematic Review
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency and glycemic instability. Acute complications- including Severe Hypoglycemia (SH) and Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), remain major clinical challenges, particularly in pediatric populations and newly diagnosed individuals. Closed-Loop Systems (CLS) integrate Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) with Algorithm-Driven automated insulin delivery, offering partial or near-complete automation of therapy. This systematic review evaluates the impact of CLS on acute complications in children, adolescents, and adults with T1D, synthesizing evidence from randomized trials, long-term observational studies, and real-world data. CLS consistently improve Time-in-Range (TIR), reduce glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and stabilize glucose levels across all age groups, including very young children, while long-term data suggest preservation of residual β-cell function in some newly diagnosed youth. CLS are generally associated with a reduction in the risk and frequency of SH and may mitigate Hypoglycemic Coma, although population-based evidence indicates a slight but statistically significant increase in DKA risk in youth with suboptimal glycemic control, highlighting the need for advanced education and ketone monitoring. Patient-reported outcomes indicate improved treatment satisfaction, reduced burden, and enhanced adherence, indirectly supporting safety. Overall, CLS represent a significant advancement in T1D management, significantly improving glycemic control, and offering a favorable safety profile regarding SH, yet further research is required to optimize long-term outcomes across diverse populations.
Type 1 Diabetes, Closed-Loop Systems, Acute Diabetes Complications, Severe Hypoglycemia, Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Copyright (c) 2025 Julia Smolarek, Alicja Marciniuk, Urban Stanisław Matyjasik, Iga Milena Zawiślak, Michalina Wielgus, Mikołaj Karol Olczak, Antoni Jakub Plasota, Michał Szczupak, Zofia Alicja Pojmańska, Michał Piotr Wojszcz-Hadas, Ignacy Gajda, Maciej Salamon, Damian Konrad Strzelczyk, Kacper Tomasz Majczak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“The Role Of Tumor Markers In Diagnostic Evaluation During Pregnancy”
The diagnosis of cancer during pregnancy presents a significant clinical challenge, as physiological gestational changes often mask the signs and symptoms of malignancy. Standard tumor markers, while pivotal in general oncology, demonstrate limited utility in pregnant women due to a lack of specificity and profound physiological alterations. This review aims to summarize current evidence regarding the reliability, limitations, and diagnostic utility of common tumor markers in the obstetric population. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar, for articles published up to 2025. The search strategy focused on studies reporting serum concentrations of markers such as CA-125, CEA, AFP, hCG, CA 19-9, and CA 15-3 in healthy pregnant women as well as those with benign or malignant conditions. Results: Pregnancy induces systemic hemodynamic and renal adaptations, including hemodilution and increased glomerular filtration, which significantly alter serum protein concentrations. Oncofetal antigens like AFP and hCG are physiologically produced by the feto-placental unit, limiting their specificity. CA-125 is frequently elevated, particularly in the first trimester, leading to high false-positive rates when standard non-pregnant cut-offs are applied. Conversely, CEA remains relatively stable and independent of gestational age. Other markers, such as CA 19-9 and CA 15-3, may exhibit subtle physiological rises, specifically in the third trimester. Conclusion: The interpretation of tumor markers during pregnancy requires extreme caution and the use of trimester-specific reference ranges rather than standard thresholds. These biomarkers should not be used as standalone screening tools. In the event of elevated levels, clinicians must prioritize ruling out obstetric causes, such as fetal anomalies or placental dysfunction, before suspecting maternal malignancy.
pregnancy, tumor markers, physiological changes, cancer diagnosis, reference intervals, CA-125
Copyright (c) 2025 Antoni Jakub Plasota, Mikołaj Karol Olczak, Michał Piotr Wojszcz-Hadas, Alicja Marciniuk, Iga Milena Zawiślak, Michalina Wielgus, Michał Szczupak, Ignacy Gajda, Maciej Salamon, Urban Stanisław Matyjasik, Julia Smolarek, Zofia Alicja Pojmańska, Damian Konrad Strzelczyk (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“The Role Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids In Cardiovascular Health: A Review.”
This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the role of omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids in the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Specifically, the objective is to analyze the underlying mechanisms of action and critically evaluate the available clinical evidence, addressing current controversies regarding efficacy and safety, particularly concerning different formulations and dosages. Materials and methods: This review is based on an extensive analysis of current scientific literature, including epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Key large-scale contemporary trials such as REDUCE-IT, STRENGTH, OMEMI, VITAL, and ASCEND were critically analyzed to assess the impact of marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), on cardiovascular outcomes. The scope also encompassed the chemical characterization, natural sources, and metabolic pathways of these lipids. Results: Omega-3 PUFAs exert multifaceted effects, most consistently reducing serum triglyceride levels through inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis6. EPA and DHA possess potent anti-inflammatory properties, acting as precursors to specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), and exhibit antithrombotic and hypotensive effects. Clinical efficacy is highly dose- and formulation-dependent8. High-dose purified EPA (4 g/day) demonstrated significant risk reduction in major cardiovascular events in statin-treated high-risk patients (secondary prevention). Conversely, mixed EPA/DHA formulations often yielded inconsistent results. A significant safety signal emerged, linking high-dose omega-3 supplementation (doses >1 g/day) to a dose-dependent increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF). Conclusion: Omega-3 fatty acids remain a cornerstone in managing severe hypertriglyceridemia and reducing residual CVD risk in specific high-risk patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. For the general population, a "food-first" approach is recommended13. High-dose purified EPA represents a distinct and effective pharmacological intervention in secondary prevention, acting beyond simple lipid lowering through plaque stabilization and anti-inflammatory pathways14. Further research is required to fully elucidate the pathophysiological mechanism linking high-dose omega-3s to AF and to establish optimal dosing strategies based on the "Omega-3 Index".
Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), Hypertriglyceridemia, Secondary Prevention, Atrial Fibrillation (AF), Icosapent Ethyl, Dose-Response Relationship, REDUCE-IT Trial.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alicja Marciniuk, Urban Stanisław Matyjasik, Iga Milena Zawiślak, Julia Smolarek, Michalina Wielgus, Mikołaj Karol Olczak, Antoni Jakub Plasota, Michał Szczupak, Zofia Alicja Pojmańska, Michał Piotr Wojszcz-Hadas, Damian Konrad Strzelczyk, Ignacy Gajda, Maciej Salamon, Magdalena Białołęcka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Efficacy Of Azadirachta Indica(Neem) Chip With Diode Laser As An Adjunct To Scaling And Root Planing In Chronic Periodontitis Patients - A Clinical And Microbiological Study
A major component of managing periodontal disease is the removal of plaque and calculus through nonsurgical means. However, SRP may not always diminish or remove the anaerobic bacteria from the base of the pocket, where periodontal instruments cannot reach. The research on a number of formulas has piqued our interest in the potential medical benefits of plants including pomegranates, cork bark, tulsi, neem, turmeric and aloe. Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of the Azarirachta Indica (NEEM) chip as an addition to non-surgical periodontal therapy in individuals with chronic periodontitis. Methodology: In this study, 20 patients fulfilling the inclusion and the exclusion criteria with probing pocket depths of 4-6mm were taken. In Group A, 10 Patients were treated with SRP followed by diode laser pocket irradiation along with Neem chip application and in Group B,10 Patients were treated with SRP followed by diode laser pocket irradiation only. Results: Intragroup comparison showed statistically significant improvement in all the clinical and microbiological parameters. Also significant reduction in PI, PPD, CAL and Colony Forming Unit (CFU/ml) of anaerobic bacteria was seen in Group A as compared to Group B at 3 months. GC-MS analysis was done to study the degradation rate of neem chip, which showed significant increase in peak from Day 1 - Day 7. However, it started to significantly decrease from Day 7 - Day 15. Conclusion: Laser therapy has shown to disrupt biofilms, making bacteria more susceptible to anti-microbials agents like neem and it has shown better results when used in combination with diode laser. The Study was registered in I.T.S Institutional Ethics Committee under the Protocol number ITSCDSR /IIEC/LD/PERIO/2022-25/005 and is also registered in clinical trial registry india with the registration number CTRI/2024/12/078480. Clinical Significance: The study showed that sustained release of neem chip and laser therapy significantly reduced anaerobic bacteria in periodontal pockets. GC-MS analysis was used to assess the neem chip's degradation rate, highlighting its potential for long-term therapeutic use. Principle Findings: GC-MS analysis showed that hexadecanoic acid, a principal constituent of neem with anti-inflammatory properties, peaked on day 7 and was undetectable in GCF samples by day 15, indicating diminished activity. Practical implications: The neem chip had enhanced absorption and disinfection in treatment sites, including inaccessible areas due to the use of laser, offering a biologically friendly periodontitis treatment option.
Chronic periodontitis, Neem chip, Microbial culture, Diode laser, Colony forming units, Phytotherapeutic agents, Degradation rate of neem chip, GC-MS Analysis.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Raagul S, Dr. Sumit Malhotra, Dr. Prashansa Sharma, Dr Akash Alok Bora, Dr. Manav Varshney, Dr. Gaurav Das (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Polypharmacy And Their Problems In Elderly Patients
Aging and diseases associated with aging is a condition associated with old age. An important approach to maintaining health status and physical examination in geriatric patients is very important, including nutrition problems, sight, hearing, urine containment, balance and fall prevention, osteoporosis, and polypharmacy. The use of polypharmacy will give some impact on the elderly, including increasing the improper treatment, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and some of the problems that affect the changing nature of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. Aging in the elderly with some illness, may potentially lead to get more number of medicines, leading to inappropriate prescribing patterns, and contributing to adverse drug reactions and hospitalization. This review will describe the effect of polypharmacy in elderly patients.
Polypharmacy, Adverse drug reactions, Drug-drug interactions, Elderly, Inappropriate medication.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gujjala Sai Sri Harsha, Pranbesh Sikdar, Kasimedu Saravana Kumar, Subhashis Debnath, Bipul Nath (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Descriptive Study Towards Research Attitude And Social Media Usage Among Nursing Students In A Medical College, West Bengal, India
Attitudes to research are important indicators of utilizing research in practice and evidence based practices among nursing students. They experience a great deal of difficulty in understanding the concepts of quantitative research methodology and statistics courses. Use social networking sites in healthcare education among students and educators should promote learning and enhance students’ academic performance. Aims and Objectives: To assess attitude about research and the use of social media and computer application among nursing students of a medical college of West Bengal, India. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted among 148 nursing students in three months with predesigned, pretested schedule to assess attitude towards research by R-ATR scale. Results: The maximum participants belonged to 21-23 years (43.9%) and 94.6% of them were unmarried. The students of second semester had participated more (34.5%). 18.2% of nursing students had read a scientific journal in last month and 12.2% had attended one workshop. The mean score of R-ATR scale among the nursing students was found to be 58.24 with SD±6.794.The semester of study is significantly associated with mean R-ATR score which shows that the nursing students studying in lower semester had a positive attitude towards research than the higher semester. that 91.2% and 90.5% of nursing students had spent their time in WhatsApp and Youtube in social media surfing. 11.5% were engaged in Linkedin, 88.5% used ChatGPT. Conclusions: Research is not practiced in regular studies but they agree that research is useful and helpful for their future. But they find it difficult and not pleasant. A positive attitude towards research will help nurses for more scientific approach and providing nursing care on evidence-based practices.
Attitude, Research, R-ATR scale, Social Media use
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Raktim Bandyopadhyay, Rohini Banerjee, Dr. Romy Biswas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Laparoscopic Diagnosis of Abdominal Tuberculosis Using Standard Two-Port Technique: A Prospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study
Background: Abdominal tuberculosis (ATB) poses a significant diagnostic challenge due to its nonspecific clinical and radiological presentation. Prior to 2012, conventional laparoscopy often utilized three or more ports for adequate visualization and tissue sampling. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy, feasibility, and safety of a standardized two-port laparoscopic technique for the definitive histological and/or microbiological diagnosis of suspected ATB. Methods: In this prospective study conducted between July 2011 and April 2012, 52 consecutive patients with clinically suspected ATB underwent diagnostic laparoscopy using a rigid 10-mm umbilical port and a single 5-mm operative port. Systematic inspection, peritoneal fluid aspiration, and targeted biopsy of nodules, omentum, and peritoneal lesions were performed. Specimens were sent for histopathology (caseating granulomas), acid-fast bacilli (AFB) staining, and mycobacterial culture. Results: A definitive diagnosis of ATB was confirmed in 42 patients (80.8%). Laparoscopic findings included military nodules (69.0%), adhesions (59.5%), and ascites (54.8%). The two-port technique yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 97.6%, specificity of 100%, and overall accuracy of 98.1%. No procedure required conversion to additional ports or laparotomy. The mean operative time was 32.4 ± 8.1 minutes. Minor port-site bruising occurred in two patients (3.8%), with no major complications. Conclusion: The standardized two-port laparoscopic technique is a highly accurate, minimally invasive, and safe procedure for the definitive diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis. It simplifies the diagnostic algorithm, reduces surgical trauma, and should be considered a primary investigative tool in equivocal cases.