Sarcopenia As A Complex Multisystem Disease

Abstract

Skeletal muscles, one of the largest tissues in the human body, play complex roles in maintaining the integrity of physiological processes. In addition to their motor and structural functions, they play key roles in regulating metabolism. In addition, skeletal muscles exhibit endocrine activity through the secretion of myokines involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, improving tissue sensitivity to insulin and exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects. Progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and functionality leads to sarcopenia, which is currently recognized as a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases and deterioration of quality of life. Low muscle mass correlates with an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, as well as with the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and an unfavorable prognosis in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). A particularly unfavorable form of this disorder is sarcopenic obesity, characterized by the coexistence of excessive fat mass and muscle mass deficiency, which is associated with a significantly increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular complications. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge on the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and its association with metabolic, cardiovascular, and chronic kidney disease. In addition, we will discuss current and potential diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies that may provide the basis for more effective management of this growing public health problem.