Seasonal Dynamics of Physico-Chemical Parameters, Heavy Metals, And Water Quality Index in The Giri River Basin

Abstract

This study evaluated water quality parameters, heavy metal concentrations, and the Water Quality Index (WQI) in the Giri River Basin, focusing on six sites from Giripul Bridge to Shivpur in Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur district. The sites, characterized by distinct topographical features and pollution sources, were sampled during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons to assess seasonal impacts. Surface water samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, BOD, and COD. Heavy metals, including chromium, nickel, arsenic, cadmium, and lead, were measured using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (ICAP-6000 Series). The findings indicated significant (p ≤ 0.05) spatial and seasonal variations in water physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals (Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb) across different sites in the Giri River with water quality deteriorated downstream due to natural processes and anthropogenic factors like agricultural runoff, vehicular emissions, mining, and urbanization, with higher values recorded during the pre-monsoon season. Despite these variations, all measured parameters remained within BIS and CPCB permissible limits, indicating satisfactory water quality. The water quality (WQI) values confirmed excellent water quality, with the highest WQI at Bangran Giri Bridge (16.45) and the lowest at Giripul Bridge (8.22). Seasonal variations showed the highest WQI in the pre-monsoon season (16.91) and the lowest in the post-monsoon season (7.58). The study highlights the need for comprehensive water management strategies to address spatial and temporal fluctuations, ensuring the long-term sustainability of water quality in the Giri River Basin.