The antimicrobial effect of Giloy (Tinospora Cordifolia): A critical review

Abstract

Background:
In Ayurveda, Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms., also called Guduchi or Giloy, is a highly valued medicinal plant that is referred to as Amrita for its restorative and disease-preventive properties. Recent studies have demonstrated its strong antibacterial properties in addition to its traditional uses in liver diseases, diabetes, and fever. With a focus on its mechanisms and applicability in the context of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the objective of this review is to compile traditional references, phytochemical insights, and experimental data on T. cordifolia's antimicrobial activity.

Methods: Current PubMed/Scopus-indexed research publications, standard pharmacognosy reference books, and classical Ayurvedic literature were the sources of pertinent information. To clarify the phytoconstituents with antibacterial activity and their mechanisms of action, data were studied.

Results: Alkaloids (berberine, magnoflorine), diterpenoid lactones (tinosporaside, columbin), flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and immunomodulatory polysaccharides (G1-4A) are all found in T. cordifolia, according to phytochemical analyses. These substances exhibit direct antibacterial properties, including the disruption of microbial cell walls, suppression of nucleic acid synthesis, and impairment of protein/enzyme function. Giloy also enhances host immunity by boosting T-cell/NK-cell activity, regulating cytokine production, and activating macrophages. When taken as a whole, these activities offer broad-spectrum effectiveness against viruses, fungi, and bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Candida albicans.

Conclusion: Tinospora cordifolia demonstrates a special dual antibacterial mechanism that combines immune regulation and pathogen suppression. Giloy is positioned as a promising natural resource in the management of infectious diseases and a possible candidate for innovative medicines against antibiotic resistance due to its integration of traditional wisdom with contemporary pharmacological validation.