Exploring Swertia: Ethnobotanical Insights, Medicinal Potential, and Conservation Strategies

Abstract

The genus Swertia (Gentianaceae), comprising of over 170 species, is a diverse group predominantly found in temperate, subtropical and highland tropical regions. Swertia species hold significant value in traditional medicine systems due to their therapeutic properties. They have been traditionally utilized to treat a variety of ailments including hepatitis, diabetes, jaundice, liver disorders, gastrointestinal issues, and malaria. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of numerous bioactive compounds such as xanthones, iridoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Crude extracts and isolated metabolites of Swertia exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties, including hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Despite promising evidence, challenges remain in identifying active constituents, elucidating mechanisms of action, and assessing toxicity. This review highlights recent advances in ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology, emphasizing the need for further research to facilitate the development of Swertia-based medicines, validate traditional uses, and promote conservation of critically endangered species.