Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of Uropathogens in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide, often leading to significant morbidity, healthcare costs, and antibiotic use. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among uropathogens has become a growing global concern, particularly in Saudi Arabia, where regional differences in resistance patterns remain underreported.

Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 1,116 urine culture-positive cases at King Fahad Hospital, Al-Baha, between January 2019 and September 2020. Demographic data, bacterial isolates, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles were collected from electronic medical records and analyzed using SPSS v20.

Results: Escherichia coli (35.00%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.77%) were the most prevalent uropathogens. High resistance was observed to ampicillin (64.20%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (41.50%), and ciprofloxacin (41.30%). ESBL-producing organisms showed complete resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, while carbapenems and aminoglycosides retained high efficacy. The most affected group was females over 70 years old. Statistically significant associations were noted between gender, age, and hospital setting.

Conclusion: AMR among uropathogens in Al-Baha reflects national concerns, particularly regarding ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli. Tailored empirical therapy and regional antimicrobial stewardship are urgently needed to combat rising resistance levels.