The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Depression: Therapeutic Perspectives

Abstract

Introduction and Aim: Depression affects over 330 million adults worldwide and involves complex interactions of genetic, neurochemical, and endocrine factors. This review examines the role of gut microbiota in depression and explores potential therapeutic strategies.
Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted on studies investigating gut microbiota composition, dysbiosis, and interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary modifications.
Results: Dysbiosis is linked to depressive symptoms through systemic inflammation, HPA axis dysregulation, bacterial metabolite changes, and epigenetic mechanisms. Observational studies identify characteristic microbiota alterations in depressed individuals. Randomized trials indicate that probiotics can improve mood and enhance standard antidepressant treatment. Dietary interventions and psychobiotics show promise as adjunctive therapies.
Conclusions: Gut microbiota significantly influences depression pathogenesis and management. Microbiota-targeted interventions are emerging as effective adjuncts, but further large-scale, long-term studies are needed to standardize protocols and enable personalized treatment approaches.