Harnessing Biofilm-Derived Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) For Bioremediation and Antimicrobial Resistance Control in Medical and Environmental Systems

Abstract

Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) or the microbial biofilm structural and functional matrix have become essential biotechnological agents in combating environmental pollution and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This paper examines the diverse functions of EPS in biosorption, degradation, and entrapment of toxins and pathogens. By leveraging the built-in physicochemical features of EPS—ionizable functional groups, extracellular enzymatic activity, and capacity for genetic interaction—scientists have shown its competence in adsorbing heavy metals, emulsifying hydrocarbons, and capturing antibiotics and resistance genes. The review integrates current (2015–2025) literature on EPS mechanisms for remediation of pollutants and mitigation of AMR, focusing on applications in biofilm bioreactors and wastewater treatment plants. Moreover, the paper also emphasizes novel therapeutic approaches with EPS-degrading enzymes and probiotic biofilms. Although promising, there are existing challenges like heterogeneity of EPS, scalability of production, fouling of membranes, and biosecurity issues. The research concludes that strategic advancement of EPS-based interventions can play an important role in both environmental remediation and public health resilience against drug-resistant pathogens.