Evaluations of Sustainable Laundry Biodetergent Formulation from Saponin Extract Solution and Enzymatic Beads of Calcium Alginate

Abstract

Biodegradable detergents, derived from natural plant and microbial sources, offer an eco-friendly alternative to conventional synthetic cleaning agents. These biodetergents remove organic stains by breaking down complex compounds while minimizing environmental impact. In this study, a sustainable laundry formulation was developed using plant-based saponin extract combined with enzyme-loaded calcium alginate beads. Sodium alginate was selected as the immobilization matrix due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to provide controlled release without ecological harm. Saponin, known for its natural detergency, emulsification, and foaming properties, was incorporated to enhance cleaning efficiency and contribute additional environmental benefits such as improved rhizoremediation potential. The formulation was designed to target a range of common household stains, including oil, grease, gravy, blood, and dirt. Optimal conditions for enzyme production were reproduced based on previous literature using available microbial strains, and the resulting crude enzymes were evaluated for activity before encapsulation in calcium alginate. Although the crude liquid enzymes showed positive activity, the immobilized enzymatic beads did not exhibit comparable enzymatic performance, prompting further assessment through fabric-washing trials. Washing tests conducted on cotton fabrics stained with challenging substrates—blood, gravy, and pickle oil—provided essential insights into the practical cleaning efficacy of the developing biodetergent. Overall, this work establishes a foundation for future refinement of environmentally safe and effective bio detergent formulations.