Association Between Periodontal Disease and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Case–Control Study:

Abstract

Background: Periodontal disease, particularly periodontitis, is a chronic inflammatory condition that can adversely affect systemic health. There is increasing evidence suggesting a potential link between periodontal disease and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a common pregnancy complication characterized by hyperglycemia. GDM poses significant risks to both maternal and fetal health, including preeclampsia, preterm birth, and type 2 diabetes. However, the relationship between maternal periodontal disease and GDM, particularly in the Indian population, remains underexplored.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the association between maternal periodontal disease and the development of GDM, as well as the impact of this association on adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia.

Methods: A prospective case-control study was conducted, enrolling 200 pregnant women. Periodontal status was assessed using clinical parameters, including gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss. GDM was diagnosed using a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test, with follow-ups to assess adverse pregnancy outcomes postpartum.

Results: Preliminary findings suggest that women with periodontal disease have a significantly higher incidence of GDM compared to healthy controls. Moreover, those with both periodontal disease and GDM exhibited increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth and preeclampsia.

Conclusion: The study underscores the potential role of periodontal disease as a modifiable risk factor for GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Addressing periodontal health in pregnant women may help reduce the incidence of GDM and improve maternal-fetal outcomes.