Diagnosis Of Candida Infection in Blood: Species Identification and Molecular Approaches

Abstract

Candida species are opportunistic fungal pathogens that cause bloodstream infections, primarily in immunocompromised patients. The early and accurate determination of candidemia is considered important for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. The traditional methods for diagnosing candidemia, including blood cultures and phenotypic identification, are time-consuming and have limitations regarding sensitivity and species differentiation. Over the past years, molecular techniques have transformed the approach toward diagnosing Candida infections by providing better sensitivity, specificity, and ability to differentiate between species. Polymerase chain reaction, real-time PCR, DNA sequencing, and metagenomic analysis are among these newer techniques, giving more precise results in less time and therefore appropriate intervention in due course. The current review summarises the molecular approaches for Candida species identification from blood with respect to advantages, challenges, and clinical utility. It also delves into the monitoring of antifungal resistance, improving patient management, and personalizing therapy with these methods. Future advancements in genomic technologies may further improve the accuracy and speed of Candida infection diagnostics.