Exploring the Association Between Heavy Metal Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children

Abstract

Environmental heavy metals have established a connection between Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs) in children, which primarily include autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and learning disabilities. The study analyzes the blood level connection between developmental disorders in children and toxic elements such as Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), and Cadmium (Cd).  The research included 500 children with 250 participants having NDD diagnosis and 250 neurotypical participants. The scientists conducted heavy metal concentration analysis through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) blood, urine, and hair samples. Neurodevelopmental assessments were conducted by using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V), Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales (CBRS), and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2).  The children diagnosed with NDDs showed elevated heavy metal levels, including Pb, Hg, As, and Cd, which exceeded the control group values at statistical significance levels below 0.05. The WHO threshold for blood lead exceeded in 37% of children with NDD while only 14% of control children reached this level. The data analysis through regression showed a direct connection between elevated heavy metals in blood and cognitive deterioration in children.  Heavy metal exposure creates a direct link between neurological impairments and both cognitive difficulties and executive dysfunction as well as behavioral disorders. The urgent implementation of policy measures coupled with environmental regulations needs to occur to minimize exposure hazards.