Lung Function Alterations in Asthmatic and Non-Asthmatic Pregnant Women in Baghdad: A Cross-Sectional Spirometry Study

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy can cause variable changes in breathing, with shortness of breath being common. This study investigates how lung function changes in pregnant women, including those with asthma, a prevalent respiratory disease that can worsen during pregnancy. We use spirometry to assess lung function and see how factors like age, weight, and smoking habits might influence their breathing health. We also aim to understand if asthma is underdiagnosed in pregnancy and how it can impact both mothers and babies.

Methods: A cross-sectional design was used to investigate lung function in pregnant women with and without asthma. Researchers recruited 200 women (18- 35 years old) attending maternity and respiratory clinics during the study period, excluding those with pre-existing health conditions. They used questionnaires, weight and height measurements, and spirometry testing (lung function test) to assess pulmonary health at a single point in time.

Results: A significant proportion had abnormal Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), indicating potential airflow limitation. The Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), indicating a reduced ability to fully inhale and exhale air, was also abnormal in a substantial majority. Most concerning was the high prevalence of abnormal FEV1/FVC ratio, a key indicator of airway obstruction, even in some participants with normal FEV1 and FVC values individually. Asthmatic pregnant women had a significantly lower prevalence of normal FEV1 and a higher prevalence of abnormal FEV1/FVC ratio compared to non-asthmatic women. This suggests a higher prevalence of airflow limitation in the asthmatic group.

Recommendations: The study highlights the importance of routine lung function testing during pregnancy, particularly for asthmatic women. Early identification and optimal management of asthma are crucial for ensuring the well-being of both mother and baby. Additionally, further research is needed to explore the impact of factors like obesity, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, and passive smoking on lung function in pregnant women.