Camellia sinensis: A Comprehensive review on Phytoconstituents, Pharmacological insight and its effect on Biodiversity and ecological health including response under abiotic stress

Abstract

Camellia sinensis, commonly known as tea is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages, is enjoyed by over 3 billion people worldwide. This plant can thrive in a number of environments like the Indian Brahmaputra Valley, Dooars and hilly regions. Rich in bioactive compounds such flavonoids, catechins, caffeine, and amino acids, green tea has a number of pharmacological benefits, including antioxidant, neuroprotective, antibacterial, and anti-cancer properties. However, pregnant women and other vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, should exercise caution while taking it. Abiotic factors that impact growth and yield by causing oxidative stress and nutritional imbalances, such as drought, salt, and heavy metals, provide significant challenges for the tea industry. Tea plants enhance soil biodiversity, which is essential for nutrient cycling, and encourage natural pest control, both of which benefit ecosystem health. Additionally, they promote variety among invertebrates and vertebrates, which aligns with conservation objectives. This review article  emphasizes phytochemistry, health benefits, abiotic stress response, and ecological interconnectivity of Camellia sinensis while also stressing the need for more research to maximize growing techniques and harness its medicinal potential.