Green Synthesis, Characterization Methods, And Applications Of Nanoparticles: An Overview

Abstract

Nanotechnology is an innovative and interdisciplinary field that pertains to the design, production, assembly, and characterization of materials smaller than 100 nanometers. Each form of nanomaterial—organic, inorganic, and carbon-based—serves a specific purpose in various industries.  Green synthesis methods, which utilize natural materials and processes, are increasingly favored for their environmental benefits over conventional synthesis techniques, which rely on the use of dangerous chemicals and excessive energy usage. Characterization methods such as TEM, SEM, and UV-VIS spectroscopy are required to analyze the mechanical, thermal, and optical properties along with the stability of nanoparticles. The versatility of nanoparticles has led to a wide range of groundbreaking applications in several industries, such as electronics, the food industry, chemical catalysis, medicine and pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. However, their potential threats to environmental and human health highlight the need for responsible usage and understanding of their ecological impact, particularly regarding phytotoxicity. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of nanoparticle synthesis, its enhanced properties, comprehensive data on characterization techniques, and how they are used in the food business, medicine, agriculture, cosmetics, and environmental remediation