Natural Origins, Bioavailability, and Therapeutic Potential of Astaxanthin: A Systematic Review Across Diverse Health Applications

Abstract

The powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the naturally occurring carotenoid Astaxanthin have brought it much attention. Commercial formulations aim to maximize efficacy and stability of Astaxanthin, which is mostly sourced from marine creatures including salmonids and algae. The bioactivity and concentration of Astaxanthin vary depending on the source. Lipidomic formulations are very useful for improving absorption because structural diversity, including stereoisomerism, affects its bioavailability and activity. In terms of gastrointestinal, pulmonary, renal, eye, and skin health, mechanistic investigations show that Astaxanthin's antioxidant properties considerably decrease oxidative stress, inflammation, and associated indicators. The potential it has in managing diabetes by safeguarding β-cells and reducing complications is complemented by its cardioprotective effects, which are shown by anti-atherosclerotic capabilities and improved cardiovascular indicators. Research also shows that Astaxanthin can improve immunological response in humans and animal models, as well as reduce the risk of cancer. Results from safety studies corroborate the low toxicity and clinical viability of Astaxanthin, and efforts are ongoing to improve extraction procedures in order to maximize output from microalgae. The therapeutic promise of Astaxanthin is summarized in this review, which emphasizes its significance to skin health, cardiovascular protection, diabetes control, and immunological boosting, among other areas.