Unveiling the Promising Potential of Spermidine (Polyamines): Recent Advancements and Emerging Perspectives

Abstract

Spermidine, a naturally occurring polyamine, has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its multifaceted role in human health and disease. As a crucial regulator of cellular homeostasis, spermidine has been implicated in various biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Recent studies have unveiled its potential as a therapeutic agent in the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Spermidine and its analogue, spermine, modulate cellular processes related to aging, including autophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis. Pharmacologically, these polyamines regulate lipid metabolism, inhibit histone acetylation, and improve cardiovascular health by enhancing left ventricular elasticity, diastolic function, and mitochondrial function, potentially preventing heart failure. Additionally, they demonstrate promising effects in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease and osteoarthritis, rescuing the autophagic response to oxidative stress and ameliorating cartilage defects. The ability of spermidine to protect replicating DNA from oxidative damage further highlights its therapeutic potential in combating age-related diseases and promoting healthy aging. Through various studies, spermidine has been shown to improve cardiovascular health, mitigate the development of heart failure, and demonstrate promising effects in neurodegenerative diseases. Its ability to regulate lipid metabolism, inhibit histone acetylation, and improve intestinal health further underscores its diverse therapeutic potential. Overall, spermidine emerges as a valuable candidate for further research and clinical applications in combating age-related diseases and promoting healthy aging. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of spermidine research, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent in promoting healthy aging and preventing disease.