Serological and Molecular Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among HIV-infected Pregnant Women in Calabar, Nigeria

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii infection (Toxoplasmosis) is a zoonotic parasitic infection that affects about 60% of the human population 
globally causing congenital, ocular, and cerebral infections in HIV-infected and other immunocompromised people. Morbidity 
and mortality data on toxoplasmosis as a congenital or as an opportunistic infection, especially among the HIV-infected subjects 
are lacking in the study area. The serological and molecular prevalence of toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected pregnant women in 
Calabar, Nigeria was investigated using a descriptive cross-sectional study. Blood samples randomly collected from one hundred 
and eighty (180) HIV infected and forty-five (45) non-HIV infected pregnant women, aged 10-50 years, were tested for anti-IgM 
and anti-IgG antibodies based on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Fifty samples positive for both IgM 
and IgG antibodies were selected and amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The molecular and serological prevalence 
of toxoplasmosis were 50% and 52.8% respectively. There was no statistically significant association between Toxoplasma 
seropositivity and HIV status as seroprevalence of T. gondii among HIV infected pregnant women and their non-HIV infected 
pregnant counterpart were similar 52.8% vs 53.3%, respectively (P= 0.998). The highest seroprevalence, of 100% was recorded 
in those aged 50 years and above, while the least was seen in those aged 10-19 years, indicating seroprevalence to be age related 
(P<0.001). Demographic factors such as residential area, marital status, level of education and occupation significantly influenced 
the acquisition of Toxoplasma infections (P< 0.001). Keeping of pet animals and consumption of raw meat had significant effect 
on the acquisition of toxoplasmosis (P <0.05), whereas knowledge of the disease and source of drinking water had no significant 
effect (P >0.05). Age did not affect PCR amplification of Tox G1 gene (P >0.05). This study has confirmed high prevalence of 
toxoplasmosis among HIV and non-HIV infected pregnant women alike in Calabar. Intensive health education, routine diagnosis 
using ELISA antigen/antibody technique/prophylactic treatment for toxoplasmosis in all pregnant women and screening of newborns for the true burden of congenital toxoplasmosis and a break in the zoonotic transmission cycle are recommended.